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$MON A Next-Generation, Ethereum-Compatible Layer-1 Blockchain
Delivering 10,000+ TPS, Sub-Second Finality, Low Fees, and Full EVM Bytecode Compatibility
Version 1.0.
🟣Monad redefines the boundaries of Layer-1 blockchain performance while preserving full compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and its ecosystem.
▪️By introducing four breakthrough architectural innovations — MonadBFT consensus, deferred execution, parallel execution, and MonadDb — Monad achieves 10,000+ transactions per second (TPS), sub-second block times, single-slot finality, and dramatically reduced hardware requirements.
This project analysis presents the technical design, security model, economic properties, and roadmap of the Monad network.
I. Introduction.
Since the launch of Ethereum in 2015, the EVM has become the de-facto standard for programmable blockchains.
However, Ethereum and its Layer-2 scaling solutions remain constrained by sequential execution and consensus overhead, resulting in limited throughput (15–100 TPS on mainnet, 100–2,000 TPS on rollups) and latency measured in seconds to minutes.
Monad is a new Layer-1 blockchain that retains 100% EVM bytecode compatibility while delivering an order-of-magnitude improvement in performance:
•10,000+ TPS (real-world sustained throughput).
•~0.5-second block times.
•Single-slot finality (sub-second probabilistic finality, ~1 second deterministic finality)
•Low hardware requirements (consumer-grade nodes).
•Full Ethereum RPC compatibility (existing wallets, tools, and dApps work unchanged).
II. Core Architectural Innovations.
2.1 MonadBFT – Pipelined Two-Phase BFT Consensus
MonadBFT is a pipelined variant of HotStuff that spreads the leader’s work across multiple blocks, eliminating the quadratic communication bottleneck present in classic PBFT-style protocols.
●Key features:
•Linear communication O(n) instead of O(n²).
•Pipelined block proposal and voting.
•Single-slot finality under honest-majority and synchronous network assumptions.
•Responsive leader rotation and fast view changes.
2.2 Deferred Execution
Unlike Ethereum’s immediate execution model, Monad decouples consensus from execution:
°A- Full blocks are agreed upon via MonadBFT first.
°B- Nodes execute transactions only after consensus is reached.
○Benefits:
°Consensus operates on compact block headers and transaction lists, not execution results.
°Execution can be aggressively parallelized and optimized without affecting liveness
°Dramatic reduction in re-execution during forks or reorgs.
2.3 Parallel Execution with Optimistic Transaction Scheduling.
Monad implements a fully parallel EVM executor with the following components:
°Superscalar transaction scheduling – transactions are speculatively executed in parallel.
°Optimistic state access tracking – fine-grained read/write dependency detection at the storage slot level.
°Conflict rollback and re-execution – only conflicting transactions are re-executed sequentially
Result: >90% of real-world Ethereum transactions can be executed fully in parallel.
2.4 MonadDb – Custom Persistent State Backend
Ethereum clients rely on Merkle Patricia Tries backed by general-purpose databases (LevelDB, RocksDB).
MonadDb is a purpose-built database optimized for parallel state access:
Separate hot state (recently accessed) and cold state storage
Asynchronous state writes with aggressive batching and pipelining
Parallel trie updates and Merkle proof generation
SSD-optimized layout with minimal amplification
Outcome: State read/write throughput increased by 50–100× compared to geth.
III. Tokenomics & Supply.$MON
Parameter~Value~Notes.
°Total Supply
100,000,000 MON (fixed)
No further minting after genesis
°Circulating Supply (at mainnet launch)
~10.83% (10.83M MON)
Subject to vesting & lockups
°Consensus & Execution Rewards
Inflationary tail emission .
°Max Validator Stake
None (unbounded)
Minimum Stake
10,000 MON (expected)
●MON serves as:
Gas token for transaction fees
Staking asset for consensus and execution nodes
Governance token (future on-chain governance).
IV. Security Model.
•Economic security: >⅔ of staked MON required to censor or revert finalized blocks.
•Liveness: Synchronous network assumption with responsive timeouts.
•Censorship resistance: Partial synchrony fallback and proposer inclusion lists.
•Reorg resistance: Single-slot finality under honest majority.
V. Ecosystem Compatibility.
•100% EVM bytecode compatible (opcode-level).
•Ethereum-equivalent JSON-RPC API.
•Same address derivation, signing, and transaction formats.
•Existing wallets (MetaMask, Rabby, Ledger, etc.) work without modification.
•All major indexers, block explorers, and tooling providers already support Monad testnet.
VI. Roadmap.
Milestone~Status~Date.
•Devnet
Live
Q2 2024.
•Testnet (full features)
Live
Q1 2025.
•Mainnet Launch
Scheduled
Q1 2026.
•Decentralized Sequencer
Planned
2026–2027.
•On-Chain Governance
Planned
2027+.
VII. Conclusion.
Monad represents a fundamental re-architecture of the EVM stack that removes the historical trade-offs between decentralization, performance, and compatibility.
By achieving 10,000+ TPS with sub-second finality on a fully Ethereum-compatible chain, Monad enables the next wave of global-scale decentralized applications — from high-frequency DeFi to consumer-facing Web3 products — without sacrificing the security or developer experience that made Ethereum successful.
🔹️The future of Layer-1 is not a compromise.
The future is Monad.